Biodiversity

The Black Sea supports a diverse range of marine life, including numerous species of fish, invertebrates, and marine mammals. Historically, the sea was renowned for its sturgeon populations, providing a habitat for various species of this economically valuable fish. Overfishing and habitat degradation, however, have led to declines in certain fish populations.

Invasive Species

The introduction of non-native species has been a significant ecological issue in the Black Sea. One notorious example is the comb jellyfish (Mnemiopsis leidyi), which was unintentionally introduced in the 1980s. The comb jellyfish has had a negative impact on the ecosystem by outcompeting native zooplankton, affecting fish larvae, and altering the food web dynamics.

Eutrophication

Excessive nutrient input from agriculture, industrial discharges, and untreated sewage has contributed to eutrophication in the Black Sea. The elevated nutrient levels lead to increased algal blooms, particularly of phytoplankton, which can deplete oxygen levels in the water when the algae decompose. This phenomenon has resulted in "dead zones" where oxygen levels are too low to support most marine life.

Pollution

The Black Sea has faced pollution challenges from various sources, including industrial discharges, agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers, and untreated sewage. These pollutants can have detrimental effects on water quality, marine life, and the overall health of the ecosystem.

Overfishing

Overfishing has been a persistent problem in the Black Sea, affecting commercially important species such as sturgeon, anchovy, and others. Unsustainable fishing practices, including illegal and unregulated fishing, have contributed to declines in fish populations and disrupted the balance of the marine ecosystem.

Conservation Efforts

Recognizing the ecological challenges facing the Black Sea, efforts have been made to address environmental issues and promote conservation. International collaboration and regional initiatives aim to reduce pollution, manage fisheries sustainably, and protect critical habitats.

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

Some countries along the Black Sea coast have established marine protected areas to conserve biodiversity, protect critical habitats, and promote sustainable fisheries. These areas serve as refuges for marine life and contribute to broader conservation objectives.

Scientific Research

Ongoing scientific research plays a crucial role in understanding and addressing ecological issues in the Black Sea. Monitoring programs, ecological assessments, and research initiatives contribute to a better understanding of the factors influencing the health of the ecosystem.